[rael-science] Deleting Gene Reverses Sex of Male Mice‏

วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 29 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2555

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Source: http://www.alnmag.com/news/deleting-gene-reverses-sex-male-mice

Deleting Gene Reverses Sex of Male Mice

News Posted: November 28, 2012
Scientists at the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) in Mainz have identified a protein essential for initiating the development of male sex organs. Loss of the gene Gadd45g results in complete sex reversal of male mice, making them appear female. The researchers’ finding uncovers a novel signaling cascade, which acts early in development to determine the gonads in males. This discovery sheds light on the genetic network that controls how embryos develop as males or females. The research has just been published in Developmental Cell.

Research carried out in the laboratory of IMB Director Prof. Christof Niehrs uncovered that the deletion of just one gene, Gadd45g, results in male mice with external genitalia that are indistinguishable from those of female mice. Furthermore, the internal reproductive organs of the mutant male mice look like those of females, indicating that a complete sex reversal has occurred. Says Niehrs, "when breeding Gadd45g mutant mice we were puzzled why we got only females, until we discovered that some of these females actually carry a Y-chromosome."

The researchers further showed that Gadd45g exerts its effect by regulating signaling cascades that control the gene Sry, which had previously shown to be a master regulator of male sex development. This study both identifies a new role for Gadd45g and suggests a novel signaling pathway that could have important implications for research into disorders of sexual development.

For male sex organs to develop correctly, it is essential that the gene Sry is expressed at high levels within a very narrow timeframe in the embryo. The group of Christof Niehrs has now shown that Gadd45g is expressed in a pattern highly similar to that of Sry. The Gadd45g gene is, however, active just before Sry is turned on. Importantly, in mice lacking Gadd45g, the Sry gene is not expressed correctly. This indicates that Gadd45g controls the expression of this master regulator and, in turn, male development.

The scientists also provide a possible mechanism by which Gadd45g regulates Sry. Their model suggests that Gadd45g binds to and activates key signaling proteins, such as p38, which activate the transcription factor Gata4. When active, this factor binds to and activates the Sry gene. Similar results are co-published in the same issue of Developmental Cell by the group of Andy Greenfield in the UK. "As outsiders to the field of sex determination we were surprised by how little was known about the regulation of Sry on the molecular level. Our work is a leap forward in the understanding of this fundamental process”, says Niehrs.

Source: Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz

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"Ethics" is simply a last-gasp attempt by deist conservatives and
orthodox dogmatics to keep humanity in ignorance and obscurantism,
through the well tried fermentation of fear, the fear of science and
new technologies.

There is nothing glorious about what our ancestors call history,
it is simply a succession of mistakes, intolerances and violations.

On the contrary, let us embrace Science and the new technologies
unfettered, for it is these which will liberate mankind from the
myth of god, and free us from our age old fears, from disease,
death and the sweat of labour.

Rael
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[rael-science] Brain Area's Role in Decision-making Pinpointed‏

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Source: http://www.alnmag.com/news/brain-areas-role-decision-making-pinpointed

Brain Area's Role in Decision-making Pinpointed

News Posted: November 28, 2012
An area of the brain called the orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for decisions made on the spur of the moment, but not those made based on prior experience or habit, according to a new basic science study from substance abuse researchers at the Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Scientists had previously believed that the area of the brain was responsible for both types of behavior and decision-making. The distinction is critical to understanding the neurobiology of decision-making, particularly with regard to substance abuse. The study was published online in the journal Science.

Scientists have assumed that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in “value-based” decision-making, when a person compares options and weights consequences and rewards to choose best alternative. The Science study shows that this area of the brain is involved in decision-making only when the value must be inferred or computed rapidly or hastily. If the value has been “cached” or pre-computed, like a habit, then the orbitofrontal cortex is not necessary.

The same is true for learning — if a person infers an outcome but it does not happen, the resulting error can drive learning. The study shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for the inferred value that is used for this type of learning.

“Our research showed that damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may decrease a person’s ability to use prior experience to make good decisions on the fly,” says lead author Joshua Jones, a postdoctoral researcher at the Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine and a research scientist at NIDA, part of the National Institutes of Health. “The person isn’t able to consider the whole continuum of the decision — the mind’s map of how choices play out further down the road. Instead, the person is going to regress to habitual behavior, gravitating toward the choice that provides the most value in its immediate reward.”

The study enhances scientists’ understanding of how the brain works in healthy and unhealthy individuals, according to the researchers.

“This discovery has general implications in understanding how the brain processes information to help us make good decisions and to learn from our mistakes,” says senior author Geoffrey Schoenbaum, adjunct professor at the Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine and senior investigator and chief of the Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch at NIDA. “Understanding more about the orbitofrontal cortex also is important for understanding disorders such as addiction that seem to involve maladaptive decision-making and learning. Cocaine in particular seems to have long-lasting effects on the orbitofrontal cortex. One aspect of this work, which we are pursuing, is that perhaps some of the problems that characterize addiction are the result of drug-induced changes in this area of the brain.”

The scientists are continuing their research, examining the specific coding of the neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex during this process, as well as the effects that drugs of abuse have upon this area of the brain.

“Drug addiction is marked by severe deficits in judgment and bad decision-making on the part of the addict,” says Jones. “We believe that drugs, particularly cocaine, affect the orbitofrontal cortex. They coerce the system and hijack decision-making.”

The researchers examined the orbitofrontal cortex’s role in value-guided behavior. The brain assigns two different types of values to behaviors and choices. Cached value is a value that is learned during prior experience. Inferred value happens on the spur of the moment, considering the entire model of rewards and consequences.

“Cached value is stored during prior experience, says Jones. “For example, you learn your route home on your commute through experience — the habit of how you get home. You turn right, go left, make another right. Inferred values, however, are based on estimating goals and values on the fly using your knowledge of the entire structure of the environment. For example, instead of just habitually going home on your usual route, you have the full map in your mind of all the roads that you use. You can adjust your route, making different turns, depending on the time of day or the amount of traffic. These inferred decisions are adaptive — much more flexible based on the situation.”

The scientists used a rat model for their research, disabling the orbitofrontal cortex and measuring the difference in behavior that resulted. Further study using the same rat model — work not reported in this paper — has shown that cocaine use mimics this damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Further study of this neurobiological mechanism is needed, and the results have not been replicated in humans, but certainly the research is promising, says E. Albert Reece, vice president for medical affairs at the Univ. of Maryland and John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers Distinguished Professor and dean at the Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine. “Our goal here at the School of Medicine is to make groundbreaking discoveries in the laboratory that can be translated into new treatments and new hope for patients and their families,” says Dean Reece. “We are hopeful that research tells us more about the basic mechanisms in the brain will translate to new techniques in neurobiology and in treating devastating conditions such as drug addiction.”

Source: Univ. of Maryland Medical Center

[rael-science] Prevent Low Bone Density Naturally with Vitamin C‏

http://naturalsociety.com/prevent-low-bone-density-naturally-vitamin-c/

Prevent Low Bone Density Naturally with Vitamin C

2 comments

November 26th, 2012 | Updated 11/26/2012 at 2:33 am

orangevitaminc 255x159 Prevent Low Bone Density Naturally with Vitamin C

If you were a sailor three hundred years ago, you were at a very high risk of death from a serious deficiency in vitamin C known as scurvy – until it was discovered that a daily dose of lime juice would keep the deadly disease at bay. Today, vitamin C is known to do far more for the body than prevent scurvy. The PLoS ONE journal has recently published results of a study conducted by researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine with regards to vitamin C and osteoporosis. Elderly men and women are at the greatest risk of bone fracture due to a decrease in bone strength and researchers at Mount Sinai feel that vitamin C could play an active role in maintaining bone strength and preventing fractures caused by brittle bones.

Preventing Low Bone Density, Stimulating Bone Formation with Vitamin C

A group of female mice with low bone density was compared to a control group of female mice with normal bone density. The group of mice with low bone density was separated into two groups with one group receiving vitamin C supplementation over the eight week study period and the other group no supplementation. Bone mineral density was measured in both groups at the end of the study period in three places, the femur, the tibia bones and the lumbar spine.

The bone mineral density of un-supplemented mice did not change over the eight weeks. Comparatively, the group that was not supplemented experienced a considerable loss in bone density. Lead researcher Dr. Mone Zaidi commented that although medical professionals acknowledge the relationship between vitamin C supplementation and increased bone mass, the study demonstrates that mega doses of vitamin C actually encourage bone formation that protects the skeleton.

Researchers believe that it may be possible to prevent the development of osteoporosis in humans naturally using vitamin C supplementation. Tapping into this nutritional powerhouse is a cost efficient and safe alternative to expensive and sometimes dangerous pharmaceutical drugs.

Other Vitamin C Benefits

In addition to preventing low bone density, recent research has demonstrated that vitamin C prevents vascular dysfunction by maintaining the integrity of the fragile lining of arteries leading to the heart. Although there is still much discussion around the exact daily dosage of vitamin C necessary to protect the heart, the connection is evident. Vitamin C has also been linked to the reduction of wrinkles as noted by a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Additional Sources:

Spineuniverse.com

Sciencedaily.com

DoctorYourself.com

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WARNING FROM RAEL: For those who don't use their intelligence at its
full capacity, the label "selected by RAEL" on some articles does not
mean that I agree with their content or support it. "Selected by RAEL"
means that I believe it is important for the people of this planet to
know about what people think or do, even when what they think or do is
completely stupid and against our philosophy. When I selected articles
in the past about stupid Christian fundamentalists in America praying
for rain, I am sure no Rael-Science reader was stupid enough to believe
that I was supporting praying to change the weather. So, when I select
articles which are in favor of drugs, anti-Semitic, anti-Jewish, racist,
revisionist, or inciting hatred against any group or religion, or any
other stupid article, it does not mean that I support them. It just
means that it is important for all human beings to know about them.
Common sense, which is usually very good among our readers, is good
enough to understand that. When, like in the recent articles on drug
decriminalization, it is necessary to make it clearer, I add a comment,
which in this case was very clear: I support decriminalizing all drugs,
as it is stupid to throw depressed and sad people (as only depressed and
sad people use drugs) in prison and ruin their life with a criminal
record. That does not mean that there is any change to the Message which
says clearly that we must not use any drug except for medical purposes.
The same applies to the freedom of expression which must be absolute.
That does not mean again of course that I agree with anti-Jews,
anti-Semites, racists of any kind or anti-Raelians. But by knowing your
enemies or the enemies of your values, you are better equipped to fight
them. With love and respect of course, and with the wonderful sentence
of the French philosopher Voltaire in mind: "I disapprove of what you
say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it".

[rael-science] New Study: 1/3 of Tumors Found in Mammograms are Harmless‏

http://naturalsociety.com/one-third-tumors-mammograms-harmless/

New Study: 1/3 of Tumors Found in Mammograms are Harmless

1 comment

November 26th, 2012 | Updated 11/26/2012 at 2:33 am

mammogramimage 255x159 New Study: 1/3 of Tumors Found in Mammograms are Harmless

Researchers of a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine claim that the push for breast cancer exams in the past 30 years has caused 1.3 million American women to be overdiagnosed. Dr. H. Gilbert Welch of Dartmouth College’s Geisel School of Medicine argues that the decrease in breast cancer mortality rates is owed more to improved treatment than screenings, which detect even small, possibly benign and temporary abnormalities that resolve themselves.

Many breast imaging specialists, like Dr. Danial B. Kopans of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boson, railed against the findings, calling it “malicious nonsense” designed to deny women access to screening to reduce healthcare costs.

Early Screenings and False Positives

While the study authors agree that screening has detected early-stage cancers, it must also by this reasoning reduce the incidence of late-stage cancers (because the tumors would have been removed sooner). But they haven’t, the authors say.

After analyzing data between 1976 and 2008 from the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, they found that early-stage cancers doubled (per 100,000 women) from 112 to 234, but late-stage cancers fell by only 8 cases, from 102 to 94.

“We hear the word ‘cancer,’” says Welch, “and we all assume the definition that’s in my medical dictionary—it’s a tumor that, left untreated, will inexorably grow and cause death. But now, as we look for really early forms of the disease, we realized the pathologic definition of cancer includes abnormalities that may come and go.” (Welch clarified that although he is not telling women to resist screenings, they should be conscious of the technology’s limitations.)

Stamatia Destounis, a Rochester breast imager, was dubious on the matter. “There is no way for us to know which early-stage breast cancer would not progress and which one would…. How would we tell a patient, ‘Chances are this is early and it’s probably not going to progress for a long time, if ever’?”

Dangerously High Screening Rates

This isn’t the first time breast imaging has come under attack; in 2009, the US Preventative Services Task Force concluded that current levels of testing put women under unnecessary financial and emotional duress. They also noted that false positives and unhealthy exposure to radiation were a growing concern. Several Harvard Medical School academics also echo Welch’s opinion that screening rates are unnecessarily high, and even mainstream health officials like Danish scientist Peter Gotzshe admit that screening isn’t always all it’s cracked up to be.

It can also be argued that the very organizations advocating aggressive screenings—like Susan G. Komen—are engaged in fraud for using misleading statistics to promote screening, offering free screenings that may or may not raise the risk of future development of cancer, and by skirting scientifically relevant issues to breast cancer, like its link to BPA.

Unfortunately women are driven by massive amounts of fear of breast cancer, so much so that some individuals are actually cutting off their breasts in order to be risk-free.

Additional Sources:

LA Times

Read more: http://naturalsociety.com/one-third-tumors-mammograms-harmless/#ixzz2DX0FpWch
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

WARNING FROM RAEL: For those who don't use their intelligence at its
full capacity, the label "selected by RAEL" on some articles does not
mean that I agree with their content or support it. "Selected by RAEL"
means that I believe it is important for the people of this planet to
know about what people think or do, even when what they think or do is
completely stupid and against our philosophy. When I selected articles
in the past about stupid Christian fundamentalists in America praying
for rain, I am sure no Rael-Science reader was stupid enough to believe
that I was supporting praying to change the weather. So, when I select
articles which are in favor of drugs, anti-Semitic, anti-Jewish, racist,
revisionist, or inciting hatred against any group or religion, or any
other stupid article, it does not mean that I support them. It just
means that it is important for all human beings to know about them.
Common sense, which is usually very good among our readers, is good
enough to understand that. When, like in the recent articles on drug
decriminalization, it is necessary to make it clearer, I add a comment,
which in this case was very clear: I support decriminalizing all drugs,
as it is stupid to throw depressed and sad people (as only depressed and
sad people use drugs) in prison and ruin their life with a criminal
record. That does not mean that there is any change to the Message which
says clearly that we must not use any drug except for medical purposes.
The same applies to the freedom of expression which must be absolute.
That does not mean again of course that I agree with anti-Jews,
anti-Semites, racists of any kind or anti-Raelians. But by knowing your
enemies or the enemies of your values, you are better equipped to fight
them. With love and respect of course, and with the wonderful sentence
of the French philosopher Voltaire in mind: "I disapprove of what you
say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it".

[rael-science] 3D Printing New Body Parts‏

เล่นวิดีโอ

http://www.ted.com Anthony Atala's state-of-the-art lab grows human organs -- from muscles to blood vessels to bladders, and more. At TEDMED, he shows footage of his bio-engineers working with some of…

00:17:53

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http://www.activistpost.com/2012/11/3d-printing-new-body-parts.html

Tuesday, November 27, 2012

3D Printing New Body Parts

A quick look at the future of regenerative medicine.

Activist Post

Ultimaker is a Dutch company producing affordable, open source 3D printers. They have close ties to local hackerspaces and eagerly promote collaboration and innovative, open uses of their product. Recently, they shared a story of a Dutch medical researcher, Ernst Jan Bos, who is using the Ultimaker 3D printer to create "scaffolding" upon which new human body parts may one day be grown. Using adult stem cells taken from a patients, new body parts can be grown and then grafted onto the patient.

Ernst Jan Bos (in Dutch) is experimenting with ears, with burn patients in particular in mind. In the video below, he can be seen explaining the process (in Dutch), which includes taking a 3D scan of an existing body part, transferring it to the Ultimaker for printing, then using it as the basis for creating molds for growing the ear.

Video: Dr. Anthony Atala of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine explains the groundbreaking work he has been involved with over the years. The promise of regenerative medicine will have profound implications, transforming beyond recognition our modern perception of healthcare. A longer talk can be watched here.

The limitations to the pace of progress placed upon Wake Forest are many fold. Skilled technicians, doctors, and researchers are scarce, so is funding and the necessary, specialized equipment needed to explore and clinically implement regenerative medicine. This is why Ernst Jan Bos' proposal is important - the augmenting of large institutions like Wake Forest, with a more widely distributed network of researchers drawing from an increasingly expanding "maker" community.

Not only will more people receive the opportunity to get involved directly in medical research, but the multidisciplinary nature of hackerspaces and the maker community may yield solutions larger institutions may not have the time or manpower to consider and explore.

As progress is made, and the work of large institutions is increasingly augmented by decentralized interdisciplinary working groups, we can imagine a future where community labs partaking in the DIYbio movement might someday give way to community regenerative medicine and gene therapy clinics - not merely diagnosing and treating illness and injury, but curing illness and even replacing damaged or worn-out body parts.

Of course revolutions like this are only possible with an active, engaged, organized, and educated population - not just the raising of capital for research, spaces, and equipment, but the raising of human capital necessary to carry out research and implement breakthroughs in a pragmatic and meaningful way.

RELATED ACTIVIST POST ARTICLE:
5 Key Ways That 3D Printers Could Improve the World

[rael-science] A bacteria cocktail that kills infection‏

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?id=/research/headlines/news/article_12_11_21_en.html&item=Infocentre&artid=28233

A bacteria cocktail that kills infection

In a recently released study, researchers have developed a cocktail of bacteria that eradicates Clostridium difficile infection. In the research study, the scientists used mice to identify a combination of six naturally occurring bacteria that eradicate a highly contagious form of C. difficile, an infectious bacterium associated with many hospital deaths. Three of the six bacteria have not been described before. This groundbreaking discovery may have significant implications for future control and treatment approaches.

C. difficile is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that can cause bloating, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. It was a contributing factor for more than 2,000 deaths in the United Kingdom in 2011. C. difficile is harmlessly present in some people’s bodies, where it can live naturally and not cause problems, as long as other bacteria are present in the gut to suppress its numbers and prevent it from spreading. If a person has been treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as clindamycin, the body's natural bacteria can be destroyed and the gut overrun by C. difficile.

The aggressive strain of C. difficile analysed in this study has been responsible for epidemics in Europe, North America and Australia. The study’s results have been published in the PLOS Pathogens journal.

The researchers found that this strain of C. difficile, type O27, establishes a persistent, prolonged contagious period known as supershedding, which is very difficult to treat with antibiotics. These contagious 'supershedders' release highly resistant spores for a prolonged period that are very difficult to eradicate from the environment. Similar scenarios are likely in hospitals.

'We treated mice infected with this persistent form of C. diff with a range of antibiotics, but they consistently relapsed to a high level of shedding or contagiousness,' says Dr Trevor Lawley, first author of the study, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom. 'We then attempted treating the mice using faecal transplantation, homogenised faeces from a healthy mouse. This quickly and effectively suppressed the disease and supershedding state with no reoccurrence in the vast majority of cases. This epidemic caused by C. diff is refractory to antibiotic treatment but can be suppressed by faecal transplantation, resolving symptoms of disease and contagiousness.'

The team wanted to take this research one step further and isolate the precise bacteria that suppressed C. difficile. and restored microbial balance of the gut. They cultured a large number of bacteria naturally found in the gut of mice, all from one of four main groups of bacteria found in mammals. They tested many combinations of these bacteria, until they isolated a cocktail of six that worked best to suppress the infection.

'The mixture of six bacterial species effectively and reproducibly suppressed the C. difficile supershedder state in mice, restoring the healthy bacterial diversity of the gut,' says Professor Harry Flint, senior author from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, United Kingdom.

The team then sequenced the genomes of the six bacteria and compared their genetic family tree to more precisely define them. Based on this analysis, the team found that the mixture of six bacteria contained three that have been previously described and three novel species. This mix is genetically diverse and comes from all four main groups of bacteria found in mammals. These results illustrate the effectiveness of displacing C. difficile and the supershedder microbiota with a defined mix of bacteria, naturally found in the gut.

'Our results open the way to reduce the over-use of antibiotic treatment and harness the potential of naturally occurring microbial communities to treat C. difficile infection and transmission, and potentially other diseases associated with microbial imbalances,' explains Professor Gordon Dougan, senior author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 'Faecal transplantation is viewed as an alternative treatment but it is not widely used because of the risk of introducing harmful pathogens as well as general patient aversion. This model encapsulates some of the features of faecal therapy and acts as a basis to develop standardised treatment mixture.'

Copyright Text

WARNING FROM RAEL: For those who don't use their intelligence at its
full capacity, the label "selected by RAEL" on some articles does not
mean that I agree with their content or support it. "Selected by RAEL"
means that I believe it is important for the people of this planet to
know about what people think or do, even when what they think or do is
completely stupid and against our philosophy. When I selected articles
in the past about stupid Christian fundamentalists in America praying
for rain, I am sure no Rael-Science reader was stupid enough to
believe that I was supporting praying to change the weather. So, when
I select articles which are in favor of drugs, anti-semitic,
anti-Jewish, racist, revisionist, or inciting hatred against any group
or religion, or any other stupid article, it does not mean that I
support them. It just means that it is important for all human beings
to know about them. Common sense, which is usually very good among our
readers, is good enough to understand that. When, like in the recent
articles on drug decriminalization, it is necessary to make it
clearer, I add a comment, which in this case was very clear: I support
decriminalizing all drugs, as it is stupid to throw depressed and sad
people (as only depressed and sad people use drugs) in prison and ruin
their life with a criminal record. That does not mean that there is
any change to the Message which says clearly that we must not use any
drug except for medical purposes. The same applies to the freedom of
expression which must be absolute. That does not mean again of course
that I agree with anti-Jews, antisemites, racists of any kind or
anti-Raelians. But by knowing your enemies or the enemies of your
values, you are better equipped to fight them. With love and respect
of course, and with the wonderful sentence of the French philosopher
Voltaire in mind: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it".

The Elohim Sound

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