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[rael-science] The Top 10 LGBT Honeymoon Destinations

วันพุธที่ 13 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Contributed by Frédérique Dorsay
Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-bryant/lgbt-honeymoon-destinations_b_1460560.html

The Top 10 LGBT Honeymoon Destinations

Posted: 04/30/2012 5:31 pm

Now that more states in the U.S. have legalized gay marriage, there's even more reason to take a gay honeymoon. But where to? I've compiled a list of the top 10 gay and lesbian honeymoon destinations Queertrip.com travelers are heading to.

10. The Caribbean

The Caribbean Islands are very popular for honeymooners across all walks of life. With crystal-blue waters, white-sand beaches, and drinks served with little umbrellas in them, who wouldn't want to relax with a loved one on one of these islands in the sun? While the Caribbean is quite a tempting destination, gay and lesbian travelers should be aware that not every Caribbean island is welcoming toward us queers. Destinations in the Caribbean that are not friendly toward LGBT people or that have laws against homosexuality include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, the Cayman Islands, and Jamaica. So which islands are safe for honeymooning gays? Puerto Rico, Saint Barts, Saint-Martin, Sint Maarten, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are great destinations where LGBT travelers can feel safe and comfortable.

9. Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona has it all: beaches, nightlife, Spanish architecture, and, best of all, equality for all queers! As one of the most progressive destinations when it comes to LGBT rights, queer travelers feel welcomed with open arms. The city of Barcelona makes for a memorable honeymoon destination. There are several gay beaches, including Platja de Sant Sebastià and the clothing-optional Platja de la Mar Bella. Only 45 minutes south of Barcelona is the city of Sitges, a popular gay resort destination. Relax on the beaches, hit up the clubs, view the museums and art, and people-watch!

8. Las Vegas, Nev., U.S.A.

Las Vegas, the "sin city" that lures in everyone, whether it's for the shows, the food, the opulence, or the gambling, has been making a huge push to welcome us queers for the past few years. Most of the major hotels and resorts are gay-friendly, and there are even some properties just for us gays. The Blue Moon Las Vegas has been a home away from home for gay men (exclusively) for years. Traditionally, the "gay scene" in Vegas has been focused around the area called "the Fruit Loop." The Fruit Loop is located on Paradise Rd. near the Hard Rock Hotel. Krave, a staple in the gay Vegas nightclub scene, is the closest to the strip, right near Planet Hollywood. However, the excitement has shifted northwest, where a new nightclub, Share, has popped up. Located on Wynn Rd. between the Orleans and Palms Casinos, what makes Share unique is its male stripper license. (Oh, boy, I can see it now: Vegas is going to break our pink banks.) For gay and lesbian honeymooners, Las Vegas is sure to leave a lasting impression to remember forever. Just remember what they say: "What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas."

7. Sydney, Australia

A popular choice for many gay and lesbian travelers is Sydney, Australia. Sydney's gay-welcoming vibe has been attracting the LGBT community for years. The city of Sydney offers incredible restaurants, shopping, and art scenes. The gay scene in Sydney rivals that of any other major queer city, so you can dance and party the night away. Sydney is the most mainstream-gay-cultured city in Australia. Head toward Taylor Square, on Oxford St. at Bourke St., and you'll be in the heart of the gay district, with plenty of free newspapers and maps to guide you to the latest attractions and events. The beaches are also a part of Sydney's gay life. The clothing-optional Lady Jane Beach is a leisurely ferry ride from town.

6. Napa and Sonoma, Calif., U.S.A.

Vineyards and wine! Need we say more? What queer doesn't enjoy a glass here and there? This northern-California region, world-renowned for its wineries, makes for a perfect honeymoon getaway. In fact, many people opt to host their weddings here, too! It's just that beautiful. Stunning wineries are sprinkled throughout the valley, with a backdrop provided by the Mayacamas Mountains on the western and northern sides and the Vaca Mountains on the eastern side. With its Mediterranean climate, the region is perfect for producing quality grapes. Quaint towns like St. Helena, Calistoga, and Yountville offer rich history and culture. Sit back, take the wine train, stay at a local bed and breakfast, and just relax with your loved one. Oh, and enjoy the wine, of course!

5. Cape Town, South Africa

With stunning beaches, dramatic mountains, and an openly gay population (same-sex marriage is legal in South Africa), it's no wonder gay couples are flocking to South Africa. Recognized for its local wines and dining, South Africa is renowned as one of the most gay-friendly locations in the world. That's a huge, given that the majority of the continent is not gay-friendly at all! Luxury boutiques and safari tours are popular choices for many honeymooners. Either way, South Africa offers it all.

4. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

LGBT life flourishes in Mexico, attracting queers from all across the globe. Cities that stand out to LGBT honeymooners are Puerto Vallarta and Cancún. Puerto Vallarta's old Spanish feel and lively gay scene make it well worth consideration. Moreover, there are more than a dozen gay hotels in Vallarta. Cancún certainly does not have the same gay scene as Puerto Vallarta, on the one hand, but on the other, its location on the Gulf Coast and its tropical climate attracts just about every vacationer. Most travelers choose Cancún for its all-inclusive properties and luxury resorts. It doesn't hurt that the costs of visiting Mexico are generally lower than those of other international destinations, which is a huge factor for couples planning a honeymoon.

3. Vancouver and Toronto, Canada

Canada in general is a huge hit with us queers. With friendly citizens, inviting cities, and an overall clean atmosphere, it's no wonder we're heading north for honeymoon havens. Two cities that stand out are Toronto and Vancouver. With liberal laws protecting gay and lesbians and one of the most progressive, gay-friendly tourist bureaus on the planet, LGBT travelers feel comfortable and safe. No wonder Canada is a popular choice for queer honeymooners.

2. Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.

The islands of Hawaii have been attracting honeymooners for years. Maui in particular has been a hot spot for gay and lesbian honeymooners. Incredible weather and white, sandy beaches are just two of the reasons Maui keeps popping up on many honeymooners' lists. When many people dream of their honeymoon, they imagine a tropical island paradise, and that's exactly what the island of Maui is. Each island has its unique features and caters to different travelers; for instance, Kauai is definitely quieter and more remote, whereas Oahu is vibrant and more "touristy." Maui is a nice blend of the two islands and offers great activities for couples to enjoy with just enough privacy.

1. Costa Rica

Costa Rica is the destination rising to the tops of most LGBT travelers' lists. Known for its rain forests, volcanos, and wildlife, this natural gem of a country makes for the perfect honeymoon destination. Probably the best part about Costa Rica is its laid-back attitude and way of life, attracting tons of travelers who are looking to just get away from it all. From tree houses to coastal casas, gay and lesbian travelers are flocking to Costa Rica to experience the laid-back lifestyle. There are tons of LGBT properties to choose from across the country. Eco tours, nature hikes, the flora and fauna, and activities will keep you busy for days.

--
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"Ethics" is simply a last-gasp attempt by deist conservatives and
orthodox dogmatics to keep humanity in ignorance and obscurantism,
through the well tried fermentation of fear, the fear of science and
new technologies.

There is nothing glorious about what our ancestors call history,
it is simply a succession of mistakes, intolerances and violations.

On the contrary, let us embrace Science and the new technologies
unfettered, for it is these which will liberate mankind from the
myth of god, and free us from our age old fears, from disease,
death and the sweat of labour.

Rael
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[rael-science] Hear Less, Feel Less: One Mutation Causes Loss of Two Senses

วันอังคารที่ 12 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Source: http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001322

Hear Less, Feel Less: One Mutation Causes Loss of Two Senses

Richard Robinson^*

Freelance Science Writer, Sherborn, Massachusetts, United States of America

Citation: Robinson R (2012) Hear Less, Feel Less: One Mutation Causes Loss of Two Senses. PLoS Biol 10(5): e1001322. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001322

Published: May 1, 2012

Copyright: © 2012 Richard Robinson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: rrobinson@nasw.org

Take two pins and touch them to the tip of your finger. If they are far apart, you'll have no trouble feeling their two distinct pricks on your skin. But move them closer, and eventually that distinction is lost, and you feel only one point pressing into your finger. That threshold of tactile acuity averages around 1.6 millimeters, but it differs from person to person. Why? In this issue of PLoS Biology, Henning Frenzel, Gary Lewin, and colleagues show the answer is at least in part genetic. They report that mutations in at least one gene correlate with reduced touch sensitivity, and, most intriguing of all, that the gene is also responsible for a form of hereditary deafness. That's probably no coincidence, they argue: hearing, like touch, depends on cells exquisitely sensitive to changes in pressure. Thus, Frenzel et al. appear to have found a gene underlying the general ability to transduce physical stimulation into sensory perception.

Touch genetics.

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001322.g001

There are a large number of genes for congenital deafness, but, perhaps surprisingly, none known for touch insensitivity. The authors began their search for such genes by first showing they were likely to exist. They performed two tests of touch sensitivity—a test of tactile acuity using a grid of points, similar to the pinprick test, and a vibration threshold test—on pairs of twins, both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ). Since MZ twins share all their genes, while DZ twins share, on average, only half, traits governed by genes should be more strongly similar between MZ twins than between DZ twins.

They found that on both tests, the correlation in performance between MZ twins was twice as strong as between DZ twins, indicating strong genetic effects. They calculated that the heritability, or the fraction of the trait dictated by genes, was 0.28 for tactile acuity, and 0.52 for vibration detection. They concluded that genes for touch sensitivity indeed existed. They found even stronger heritability of various measures of hearing; not surprising, given the large number of genes known to cause deafness. Next, through various statistical tests, they showed that good hearing tended to go along with good touch sensitivity, suggesting the existence of genes influencing both traits.

But twin studies and statistical correlations cannot identify those genes, so the authors next examined touch sensitivity in a population of individuals with Usher syndrome, characterized by early onset deafness. Nine different genes are known to cause Usher syndrome, all of them affecting the pressure-sensitive stereocilia of the inner ear. The authors found that in individuals carrying two mutated copies of the USH2A gene, touch sensitivity was diminished compared to controls, with a tactile acuity threshold of about 1.91 mm versus 1.63 mm for controls, and a vibration sensitivity threshold also sharply increased.

Because of the brain's remarkable ability to remold its connections through experience, the loss of one sense can lead to increased sensitivity in another; indeed, the authors found that in a group of blind individuals, the mean tactile acuity threshold was significantly lower than for controls (i.e., their acuity was greater), and some people with Usher syndrome due to other causes performed no worse or even slightly better than controls on these tests. But when a single gene underlies the function of two senses, as appears to be the case with USH2A, mutation diminishes them both. There are likely to be other such genes awaiting discovery.

Exactly how USH2A mutation affects either sense is unknown. The encoded protein, usherin, is found at the base of the stereocilia, where it may serve to link other cellular proteins to the extracellular matrix, a function perhaps well-suited to transferring extracellular mechanical distortion into the cell, where it could help influence membrane depolarization. Whatever the actual mechanism, the finding that it plays a role in touch will likely trigger important research into its precise function, especially since skin is a more accessible target for experiment than the inner ear.

Frenzel H, Bohlender J, Pinsker K, Wohlleben B, Tank J, et al. (2012) A Genetic Basis for Mechanosensory Traits in Humans. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001318.

[rael-science] Scar Tissue Turned into Heart Muscle Without Using Stem Cells

วันเสาร์ที่ 9 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Source: http://www.alnmag.com/news/scar-tissue-turned-heart-muscle-without-using-stem-cells

Scar Tissue Turned into Heart Muscle Without Using Stem Cells

News Posted: April 30, 2012

Scientists at Duke Univ. Medical Center have shown the ability to turn scar tissue that forms after a heart attack into heart muscle cells using a new process that eliminates the need for stem cell transplant.

The study, published online in the journal Circulation Research, used molecules called microRNAs to trigger the cardiac tissue conversion in a lab dish and, for the first time, in a living mouse, demonstrating the potential of a simpler process for tissue regeneration.

If additional studies confirm the approach in human cells, it could lead to a new way for treating many of the 23 million people worldwide who suffer heart failure, which is often caused by scar tissue that develops after a heart attack. The approach could also have benefit beyond heart disease.

"This is a significant finding with many therapeutic implications," says Victor Dzau, a senior author on the study who is James B. Duke professor of medicine and chancellor of health affairs at Duke Univ. "If you can do this in the heart, you can do it in the brain, the kidneys, and other tissues. This is a whole new way of regenerating tissue."

To initiate the regeneration, Dzau's team at Duke used microRNAs, which are molecules that serve as master regulators controlling the activity of multiple genes. Tailored in a specific combination, the microRNAs were delivered into scar tissue cells called fibroblasts, which develop after a heart attack and impair the organ's ability to pump blood.

Once deployed, the microRNAs reprogrammed fibroblasts to become cells resembling the cardiomyocytes that make up heart muscle. The Duke team not only proved this concept in the laboratory, but also demonstrated that the cell conversion could occur inside the body of a mouse — a major requirement for regenerative medicine to become a potential therapy.

"This is one of the exciting things about our study," says Maria Mirotsou, assistant professor of cardiology at Duke and a senior author of the study. "We were able to achieve this tissue conversion in the heart with these microRNAs, which may be more practical for direct delivery into cells and allow for possible development of therapies without using genetic methods or transplantation of stem cells."

The researchers say using microRNA for tissue regeneration has several potential advantages over genetic methods or transplantation of stem cells, which have been difficult to manage inside the body. Notably, the microRNA process eliminates technical problems such as genetic alterations, while also avoiding the ethical dilemmas posed by stem cells.

"It's an exciting stage for reprogramming science," says Tilanthi Jayawardena, first author of the study. "It's a very young field, and we're all learning what it means to switch a cell's fate. We believe we've uncovered a way for it to be done, and that it has a lot of potential."

The approach will now be tested in larger animals. Dzau says therapies could be developed within a decade if additional studies advance in larger animals and humans.

"We have proven the concept," Dzau says. "This is the very early stage, and we have only shown that is it doable in an animal model. Although that's a very big step, we're not there yet for humans."

In addition to Dzau, Mirotsou and Jayawardena, study authors include: Bakytbek Egemnazarov; Elizabeth Finch; Lunan Zhang; Kumar Pandya; J. Alan Payne; Zhiping Zhang and Paul Rosenberg.

Source: Duke Univ. Health System

[rael-science] Giant Black Hole Shreds and Swallows Helpless Star

วันศุกร์ที่ 8 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

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The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
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Source: http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/05/giant-black-hole-shreds-and-swal.html?ref=hp

Giant Black Hole Shreds and Swallows Helpless Star

by Ken Croswell on 2 May 2012

Enlarge Image

Slaughtered star. A black hole (upper left) tears a helium-rich star to shreds.

Credit: S. Gezari/Johns Hopkins University and J. Guillochon, UC Santa Cruz/NASA

Some people seem born under an unlucky star. But some stars are equally unlucky themselves. Astronomers have spotted a star in another galaxy plunging toward a giant black hole and being ripped to shreds, sparking a flare so brilliant that observers detected it from a distance of 2.1 billion light-years. By watching the flare brighten and fade, scientists have achieved the unprecedented feat of reconstructing the life story of the doomed sun.

Giant black holes occupy the centers of most large galaxies, including our own, whose central black hole is 4 million times as massive as the sun and swallows a star once every 10,000 to 100,000 years. Astronomers have recently seen black holes in several other galaxies rip stars apart. But the new drama is unique. "This is the first time where we're really seeing one of these events from start to finish," says astronomer Suvi Gezari of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. "What was so spectacular was the fact that we actually could figure out what type of star was disrupted."

Astronomers first picked up a signal from the constellation Draco in May 2010, when the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii spotted a flare at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The scientists calculate that the black hole's gravity had torn the star apart a month earlier by pulling harder on one side of the star than the other. As stellar debris funneled into the black hole, gravity and friction roasted the star's remains until they emitted ultraviolet radiation, which NASA's GALEX satellite detected in June. The flare peaked in July 2010, outshining all the stars in the galaxy put together, and then faded, but was still aglow a year later.

As Gezari's team reports online today in Nature, the black hole is about 3 million times more massive than our sun, slightly smaller than the Milky Way's central black hole, and marks the heart of a galaxy dimmer than our own. The black hole swallowed only about half the star, which lost a huge amount of energy by plummeting into the black hole. Because the laws of physics dictate that energy must be conserved, the rest of the star shot away from the black hole at enormous speed.

The team has also pieced together the life story of the unlucky star. Born roughly a billion years ago, it once generated energy as the sun does, converting hydrogen into helium at its core. When the core filled with helium, the star became a red giant—a helium core surrounded by a puffy outer layer of hydrogen.

But the distant sun was doomed. Gezari doesn't know whether it was born in a bad orbit or another star's gravity kicked it into one, but the star began approaching the black hole. Before its fiery demise, when the star was about as far from its nemesis as Pluto is from the sun, the black hole stripped off its hydrogen envelope. That left the star with only its helium core, which was a third of the sun's diameter and bore a quarter of its mass. When the star ventured within 50 million kilometers, slightly closer than Mercury is to the sun, the black hole tore it to pieces. Gezari and her colleagues can infer its composition because they detect helium but no hydrogen in its glowing remains.

"It's quite impressive," says astronomer Giuseppe Lodato of the University of Milan in Italy, who was not affiliated with the scientists who discovered the event. "They're able to infer quite a few details not just about the black hole, but also about the kind of star that has been disrupted."

Ironically, only in death could astronomers study the star's life: It was so distant that had it not been destroyed, no telescope could have seen it.

[rael-science] Search for Pore-fection

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Vol. 336 no. 6081 pp. 534-537
DOI: 10.1126/science.336.6081.534
Genome Sequencing

Science 4 May 2012:

Search for Pore-fection

Elizabeth Pennisi

At long last, nanopore sequencing seems poised to leave the lab, promising a new and better way to decode DNA.

View larger version In a new window

Threading the pore.

With nanopore sequencing, single molecules of DNA will be deciphered as they pass through a tiny channel.

CREDIT: DR. IAN M. DERRINGTON

In a packed Florida conference center 3 months ago, Clive Brown introduced an audience of scientists, engineers, and biotech analysts to a device resembling an oversized thumb drive. He promised it would decipher almost a billion DNA bases in 6 hours and sell for $900. As backing for that claim, Brown described how Oxford Nanopore Technologies, where he is chief technology officer, had used a prototype to decode the genome of a virus in a single pass of a complete strand of its DNA. “There was an audible gasp from the audience,” recalls Oxford Nanopore's CEO, Gordon Sanghera.

If Oxford Nanopore's claims and promises are borne out—and some scientists remain skeptical—the company is set to achieve the first commercialization of a long-awaited and oft-doubted technology called nanopore sequencing. The technology, based on protein pores so tiny that 25,000 of them can fit on the cross section of a human hair, could be the next big thing in genome sequencing and analysis.

Although they've gotten much cheaper and smaller in recent years, machines that read DNA and RNA still usually cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, take up entire lab benches, and require much upfront and postsequencing processing to generate a genome. Nanopore sequencing could change all that. This new technology “really requires you to think about things in a completely different way,” says Elaine Mardis, co-director of the Washington University Genome Institute in St. Louis.

As the tweeters and bloggers in Brown's audience went wild, sending missives out onto the Internet, David Deamer, a biophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), and Harvard University cell biologist Daniel Branton sat in the front row, beaming. In 1996, 7 years after Deamer initially had the idea, they had publicly proposed that threading DNA through a tiny pore and monitoring changes in the current going through the pore could yield a more direct, faster way to sequence genomes. Yet until the Florida meeting, no one had claimed success in reading DNA as it moved through a pore, leaving many to wonder whether the technology would ever pan out. “Over the years, the number of people who truly believed in nanopore sequencing you could probably count on your two hands,” says Mark Akeson, a molecular biologist at UCSC. “Now both companies and academics are seeing [evidence] that this stuff actually works. This technology is going to really take off.”

Sequencing gold rush

Over the 2 decades that nanopore sequencing has lingered backstage, many other advances have greatly reduced the cost and increased the speed of reading the strings of adenines, guanines, thymines, and cytosines that compose strands of DNA. Whereas that first human genome sequence cost an estimated $1 billion to complete, the all-inclusive price at a high-throughput sequencing center today is about $18,000, and a few companies are promising costs approaching $1000 per genome. The pace has also quickened. It took 3 years at the turn of the century to produce a draft of a human genome; the same can now be done in a week. Since the human genome sequence was completed in 2003, researchers have decoded hundreds of genomes of plants, animals, cancer cells, and even ancient humans, proving that sequencing is a valuable tool for biomedicine and all sorts of other disciplines, from ecology to anthropology. Researchers are calling for 10,000 vertebrates to be sequenced, for example, and physicians may soon routinely order up a patient's genome sequence for diagnostic or preventive purposes.

Nanopore sequencing has not been part of this revolution. Instead, it was an appealing idea for which every aspect needed to be developed. When they first considered the concept, Deamer and Branton didn't have an appropriate pore or a way to control DNA's flow through such a pore, and they didn't know for sure that they could distinguish the different bases on a strand of nucleic acid. Ever so slowly, they and a handful of others have made advances on all those fronts, with several key publications in the past 2 years signaling progress, not just with protein pores but also with solid state ones (see sidebar, p. 536).

Oxford Nanopore has promised to sell its new protein-pore sequencers by the end of the year, and if those machines pan out, it could set off another genomics revolution, many scientists predict. “Current sequencing has an awful lot of complications that just go away with nanopore sequencing,” says Stuart Lindsay, a physicist at Arizona State University, Tempe.

Nanopore sequencing should require little upfront preparation beyond isolating an organism's DNA, and even that might be done away with in some applications. In contrast, current approaches require that the DNA be copied many times over and, typically, labeled with a fluorescent tag that can be read by an optical sensor. Such preparation takes time and money and erases any of the chemical modifications that result in the epigenetic control of gene expression—something researchers increasingly want to know about that nanopore devices may be able to read.

Furthermore, current sequencers work by decoding many short stretches of DNA—typically 200 bases or so—and that information has to be painstakingly pieced together. Nanopore technology can read much longer stretches of DNA: At the February meeting, Brown reported decoding a 48,000-base genome of a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria, by first linking the ends of the two strands of its DNA, then threading the entire genome, first one strand and then the other, through a pore in one pass. “That really stunned the audience,” Deamer says.

While no scientist outside of Oxford Nanopore has reported seeing the prototype sequencers Brown bragged about in Florida, the company says it will eventually have an 8000-pore version—many pores will be needed to sequence genomes much larger than a phage's DNA. With 20 of these machines, it should be possible to reveal a human genome sequence in 15 minutes. “You don't have to wait 2 weeks to do the assembly; you are watching it on the fly,” Akeson says. “If [nanopore sequencing] works, there's not going to be anybody in genomics who is not using the device in some fashion.”

That's a big “if,” Mardis notes. “It's such a beautiful possibility, but there are many technical hurdles to getting it to actually produce sequence data.”

Not just an idea

Deamer began trying to jump those hurdles almost 25 years ago, long before Oxford Nanopore formed. In 1989, Deamer was working on the origins of life and was struggling to figure out how to get the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) across a lipid membrane to supply energy to enzymes trapped inside his synthetic “cell.” He quickly realized that his theoretical solution—to insert a channel of some sort into the membrane—had other possibilities. If ATP could squeeze through, so might DNA. And as DNA crossed the channel, he reasoned, it would alter the ion flow through the channel. Finally, if the changes in this hypothetical channel's ionic current differed with each of DNA's bases, then that could open up a whole new way of sequencing. At the time, the idea seemed fanciful even to Deamer. For starters, he recalls, “there was no pore available.” Nevertheless, he sketched out his idea in a lab notebook.

View larger version In a new window

Showstopper.

If it works, this device could enable DNA sequencing to be done from a laptop.

CREDIT: NIGEL CHAPMAN PHOTOGRAPHY

Deamer also shared the scheme with Branton, and they approached Harvard about patenting it. They weren't the only ones thinking along those lines: They discovered that a colleague, geneticist George Church, had independently come up with a similar plan to sequence DNA using a pore from a bacteriophage. The three of them decided to join forces and eventually filed for a patent together. The chief missing ingredient was still a big enough pore. Church moved on to other sequencing projects, but Deamer kept an eye out for a way to make his idea reality.

View larger version In a new window

Nanopore dreamers.

After David Deamer (top right) sketched out nanopore sequencing in 1989, he teamed up with Daniel Branton (bottom right).

CREDIT: DAVID DEAMER (2); PAUL HOROWITZ

Deamer learned about α-hemolysin, a protein that Staphylococcus aureus uses to bust open red blood cells. John Kasianowicz, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, was testing pores formed by this protein as biosensors for toxic heavy metals in solution. Working with Hagan Bayley, now at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, he had embedded an α-hemolysin pore in a membrane and applied a voltage to produce an electrical current of potassium and chloride ions through the pore. Sensitive electronics measured the ion flow. Kasianowicz hoped the heavy metals would bind to the pore and alter the ionic current in distinctive ways.

“It occurred to me that this pore might in fact be large enough” to allow strands of RNA or DNA to move through, Deamer says. In 1993, he went to NIST with some RNA to test the concept. Because DNA and RNA are negatively charged, they would be pulled through the pore. As Deamer suspected, as the strand of RNA passed the narrow point of the pore, it interfered with the ion flow, changing the current. “We immediately got huge numbers of signals from the recorder,” indicating that the RNA was blocking the pore's ionic current as it threaded its way through, Deamer says.

In 1996, he, Kasianowicz, and Branton published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in which they reported that they could unravel a coiled nucleic acid so that its bases move through the pore single file. They could tell the length of a strand of DNA going through the pore by the amount of time the ionic current signal was altered. In the article, they suggested that this approach could also be used to sequence DNA. “That was the pioneering paper,” says Henry White, a chemist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.

Even with a potential pore in hand, Deamer and his colleagues realized that DNA's bases were whipping through the channel too fast to be identified. One solution was to harness another protein to latch onto the DNA and control its movement through the pore. Reza Ghadiri of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, was also interested in nanopore sequencing and had taken the first steps toward controlling DNA movement using a polymerase, an enzyme that copies DNA by ratcheting a DNA strand along base by base, like a sprocket moving the links of a bicycle chain, as it adds the complementary base. Independently, Akeson, working with Deamer, started buying and testing various polymerases from different species and other proteins. The first ones he and his colleagues tested quickly fell off the DNA, only briefly moving the strand through the pore. After many years of trying, in 2010, they discovered that a polymerase from a phage called ϕ29 would move long stretches of DNA, one base at a time, at a reasonable pace through α-hemolysin.

Yet although the ϕ29 polymerase slowed the DNA down as desired, the stem of the mushroom-shaped pore was so long that more than a dozen bases were passing through at any one time, creating a fuzzy ionic current signal at best. The signals weren't distinctive enough to tell one base from another. They needed a different pore.

A better pore

Fortunately, Jens Gundlach, a gravitational physicist at the University of Washington, Seattle, had heard about nanopore sequencing and was intrigued enough to move into biophysics. In 2003, Gundlach started looking into alternatives to α-hemolysin. A literature search yielded no promising candidates, but then he saw in Science a pore in a different bacterium with a potentially better geometry—it was shaped like a funnel—for getting a strong ionic current signal. Called MspA (for Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A), this channel has a single narrow section long enough for just four bases. The natural MspA had limitations, however: The constricted section carries a negative charge, making it hard for the similarly charged DNA to get through.

Gundlach and his colleagues tweaked MspA's gene, changing the protein so that the constricted part of the pore was neutral, and produced the modified pore by expressing the altered gene in bacteria. They had also added some positive charges at the pore entrance to enhance the inflow of DNA. When DNA was suspended in the modified pore, the signal for each base was almost 10 times stronger than the signal for immobilized bases in α-hemolysin, Gundlach's team reported in 2010. A sequencer using this unnatural MspA in theory “could resolve in much finer detail the DNA strands,” Akeson says.

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Perfecting pores.

Cross sections of the MspA (left) and α-hemolysin (right) pores show their different geometries.

CREDIT: IAN M. DERRINGTON

But each base still zipped by in a microsecond, 1000 times faster than could be read. And the only way Gundlach could slow them down required modifying the DNA itself, an impractical solution. So last year, he and Akeson joined forces. “The ϕ29 polymerase provides a mechanism to move the DNA through the pore at a reasonable speed,” about one base every 30 milliseconds, Gundlach says. With the combination of Gundlach's pore and Akeson's polymerase, nanopore sequencing finally made its public debut, at least in the academic sense. Gundlach and his colleagues reported at the Florida meeting and online 25 March in Nature Biotechnologythat they had could distinguish the bases in six DNA strands ranging from 42 to 53 bases long. “This is the first paper where somebody has actually [read] DNA,” says chemist Geoffrey Barrall, president of Electronic BioSciences in San Diego, California, which is also developing nanopore sequencing technology. (Oxford Nanopore has yet to publish a scientific paper on the phage genome sequencing Brown described in Florida.) Gundlach says he has since tested longer stretches of DNA.

A company is born

While Deamer and the other U.S. researchers were struggling to make nanopore sequencing a reality, Bayley was modifying the α-hemolysin pore with a different primary goal in mind: sensing devices. He had started looking at α-hemolysin in the 1980s to learn how water-soluble proteins made it through membranes, but he got interested in engineering pore proteins for biotechnology. Bayley envisioned pores that would help kill tumor cells or detect metals, sugars, and other proteins, and he had been modifying this pore for these different applications, making much progress. In 2005, he started a company to commercialize these biosensors.

About the same time, the push for the $1000 genome (Science, 17 March 2006, p. 1544) had resulted in a new U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) program for technology development. Bayley decided to apply and see what his modified α-hemolysins could do with respect to sensing DNA. Since he knew that he could make pores that could distinguish mirror versions of the same molecule, he was confident he could distinguish DNA's bases. With Ghadiri, he got an NHGRI grant and eventually published that the pore could tell DNA's building blocks apart when they were in solution. He decided to pursue the idea of feeding individual bases through the pore and started looking into using an enzyme that would break off each base as the DNA entered the pore. In 2008, his company, now renamed Oxford Nanopore Technologies, stepped up its efforts in nanopore sequencing, first pursuing the idea of reading cut-up bases and later following the path others had taken, decoding long, intact DNA strands.

Oxford Nanopore went after a better pore in earnest, developing a high-throughput approach toward testing and modifying potential protein candidates. The company licensed technology developed and patented by Bayley, Deamer, Branton, Akeson, and others. Because the natural lipid bilayers of the cell membrane originally used to hold the pores are not very stable, the company developed a polymer alternative that could withstand exposure to blood or pollutants. And Oxford Nanopore has its own proprietary motor protein to control the DNA's flow through the pore. The company won't disclose any details yet but says it will have data and machines for academics to evaluate in the coming months.

One challenge, the company acknowledged in Florida, is getting the error rate down from its current 4%. Academics concur that errors are a problem. As a polymerase ratchets along, it sometimes backtracks so that a base is read twice; other times, the base gets through the pore without being read. One can compensate for these random errors by sequencing each DNA strand multiple times. With the pore setup developed by Akeson and Gundlach, they can read the DNA as it is first pulled down through the pore and then again as it is pulled up and turned into double-stranded DNA by the polymerase. In theory, one could repeat those two steps with the same strand as many times as needed. With its sequenced viral genome, Oxford Nanopore showed it could tackle the problem by connecting the DNA's two complementary strands so that each is sequenced, the second providing an accuracy check on the first.

Neither approach solves another problem, accurately reading long stretches in which the same base is repeated, a not-infrequent occurrence in genomes. But nanopore proponents point out that this repetitive DNA is difficult for all sequencing techniques.

How solvable this and other problems are and whether they can be overcome in the coming months is not yet clear. Oxford Nanopore has a good reputation, but some rival sequencing companies and genome experts won't believe the sequencers work as advertised until they can test one. They caution that nanopore technology has been “coming” for so long that it's hard to believe the hurdles are finally overcome. However, “if they could pull it off,” Mardis says, “it would be a complete game changer.” And Deamer and Branton's smiles may get even wider.

[rael-science] The Sound of Color

วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 7 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Source: http://the-scientist.com/2012/05/01/the-sound-of-color/

The Sound of Color
A completely colorblind musician and painter perceives the world in a new way with help from technology.

By Jef Akst | May 1, 2012

ORANGE TONES: Neil Harbisson wearing his “eyeborg,” a device that converts light waves into vibrations that lend a touch of color to his worldDan Wilton/RedBulletin

As a kid growing up in Barcelona, Spain, Neil Harbisson could tell you that the sky was blue, the grass was green, and a lemon was yellow. But he couldn’t tell you exactly what all those descriptions really meant. Born with a rare inherited condition similar to the one that plagued the Pacific islanders neurologist Oliver Sacks wrote about in The Island of the Colorblind, Harbisson sees only in shades of gray, and had simply memorized the colors he thought he was supposed to know. But it wasn’t until he was 11 years old that he learned that he didn’t perceive the world in the same way as most people.

“I noticed that other students at school could identify colors easier than me,” he recalls. “Then I knew there was a problem with color.”

A decade later, as a music composition student at the Dartington College of Arts in England, Harbisson discovered there was hope that he might see things differently. In 2003, he attended a lecture about using technology to change the way we see the world. After the talk, Harbisson approached the speaker, young cybernetics innovator Adam Montandon, then at the University of Plymouth, to describe his condition and ask if there might be a way to help him perceive color.

On his train ride home, Montandon thought about the possibility of using a system that would assign different musical instruments to colors—drums for red and violins for blue, for example. But realizing that this would introduce his own interpretations of color, Montandon then considered a device that would simply say the names of colors aloud, but this didn’t sit right with him either. “I wanted to give him something a bit more magical,” Montandon recalls. Finally, he thought about the physical similarities of light and sound. “Light is a wavelength that moves very fast,” he says. “[If] you slow it down enough, it stops becoming visible. It starts becoming audible.”

In just 2 weeks’ time, Montandon and Harbisson created a device that translated the light waves that correspond to different colors into sounds with different pitches. The prototype, constructed from an inexpensive computer webcam, a laptop carried in a backpack, and a pair of old headphones, was a bit “crude,” Montandon admits. “It was fairly primitive, but it was good enough,” he says.

Harbisson tested the device in a school hallway in front of a big red notice board as a friend pointed to different objects, identifying their colors. He quickly learned the color/pitch associations. “Then he just ran off down the corridor,” Montandon says. “I couldn’t stop him. He went to listen to absolutely everything.” And when Montandon returned to the school 2 weeks later, he learned that Harbisson “hadn’t even switched off the computer.”

Harbisson listened to the colors of the houses in the street. He went to local grocers’ shops to listen to the sounds of fruits and vegetables. “It’s like listening to electronic music,” says Harbisson, who now wears a refined version of the device, which he calls an “eyeborg.”

“And it’s constant,” he adds. “I wasn’t expecting that I would be listening to colors all the time, but there’s color absolutely everywhere.”

The device has since been through many iterations, with the help of Montandon; a software developer from Kranj, Slovenia, named Peter Kese; and most recently, Matias Lizana, a computer engineering student at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Barcelona. Today, the system comprises a camera that sticks out above Harbisson’s head like an antenna, and a small computer chip that converts light to sound. Harbisson has since also forgone the need for headphones, mounting the chip to the back of his head, where it transmits the sound vibrations directly into his skull bones. “I receive color through the bone, and I’m listening to you through the ears,” Harbisson says. This helps him “differentiate what is a visual sound and what is an audio sound.”

Harbisson can also hear many more colors than the handful portrayed by the original device. He can even hear colors of wavelengths not visible to the human eye, such as those in the infrared. This year, he plans to add ultraviolet. The project is the ultimate demonstration of the promise of cyborgs, says Montandon, now a digital technologies professor at Erhvervsakademiet Lillebælt in Denmark. “It’s very easy with the technology we have now to explore different parts of the spectrum that we don’t normally experience,” Montandon adds. “You’re not just enabling someone with a disability, but you’re enabling someone to be more than a regular human.”

Of course, the device is not the most practical medical solution to color blindness, its creators recognize. First, wearing a camera around all day is inconvenient. Furthermore, the device is really designed for those with true color blindness, or achromatopsia, which affects only about 1 in 30,000 people—not for those who simply are unable to distinguish red from green, a far more common condition. And people with achromatopsia “also have a whole host of other vision problems,” says Medical College of Wisconsin neuroscientist Joseph Carroll, including involuntary eye movements called nystagmus, very poor acuity, and photophobia. “The ability to perceive color is the least of their worries,” he says. A more promising treatment for these patients is gene therapy to restore cone function, and thus increase acuity and reduce photophobia, he adds. Human trials for these treatments are expected to start this year.

That said, Carroll adds, “this is really cool and adds a dimensionality to your visual experience.” Indeed, Harbisson’s eyeborg is catching the attention of some musicians and artists. The pianist Jools Holland, for example, used a version of the device to accompany live concerts held in 2009–2010 across the U.K., Montandon says. “He likes to improvise, [so] we created a reverse system that would turn his music into colors and lights as he played.”

And Harbisson himself, who now works full-time as a freelance “colorologist,” pairing colors with music, uses the device for artistic inspiration, often painting what he hears. Listening to his world has definitely changed how he perceives it, he says. “People said that cities were gray—they’re not. They are actually extremely colorful. I’m discovering color in a different way.”

[rael-science] Cellphones that can see through walls and detect cancer

วันจันทร์ที่ 4 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Raelian Movement
for those who are not afraid of the future : http://www.rael.org
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Source: http://www.kurzweilai.net/cellphones-that-can-see-through-walls-and-detect-cancer

Cellphones that can see through walls and detect cancer

April 23, 2012 by Amara D. Angelica

University of Texas at Dallas researchers have designed an imager chip that could one day turn mobile phones into devices that can see through walls, wood, plastics, paper and other objects.

The UT Dallas imager chip technology being explored by UT Dallas researchers is designed for imaging in the terahertz frequency range, specifically from 280 GHz (.28 THz) to about 1 THz. The terahertz frequency range is 1000 times higher than GHz (microwaves) and lower than near-infrared (which is just below visible light).

The Terahertz gap (credit: UT Dallas)

What makes this design a breakthrough is that it miniaturizes the imager, eliminating the need for a bulky, expensive lens system.

[+]

An example of the bulky lens system that would be replaced by the terahertz imager chip (credit: University of Dallas)

Image taken with UT Dallas terahertz imager

Instead, it uses a tiny, low-cost 65-nm or 130-nm CMOS chip with an array of sensors. (CMOS chips are used in many consumer electronic devices, such as computers and smart phones.)

According to Dr. Kenneth O, professor of electrical engineering at UT Dallas and director of the Texas Analog Center of Excellence (TxACE), “The combination of CMOS and terahertz means you could put a chip on the back of a cellphone along with a transmitter” to “illuminate” a scene, turning your phone into a device carried in your pocket that can image through walls and other non-conductive materials, or for detecting a metallic stud in a wall, for example.

One defense would be to use metallic paint on a house (and metalized glass), or your own cell-phone chip to know when someone was “painting” you (in the language of military radar).

Dr. O said the initial applications, once the chip is further developed, would be detecting imperfections in important documents or counterfeit currency, and for inspecting devices in manufacturing. It could also be used for detecting cancer tumors, diagnosing disease through breath analysis, and monitoring air toxicity, he said.

How it works

According to a technical paper by Dr. O’s team (including researchers at the University of Florida and Cornell University) published in the 2012 International Solid State Circuits Conference Proceedings in February, the proof-of-concept unit the team developed uses a 4×4 pixel array (for 16 pixels).

They created two designs, using Schottky-Barrier diodes, operating at 280 GHz and 860 GHz. This device has a limited range (about four inches).

In an email interview, Dr. O explained several interesting technical aspects of the system to me. ”We are currently targeting applications between 200 GHz and 1 THz,” he said. For those frequencies, the wavelengths are ~1.5 mm to ~0.3 mm, so “the resolution will be on that order.”

Terahertz sensor array

Future developments

Tricorder concept (credit: Qualcomm)

The .3 mm resolution is especially interesting because that’s better than can be achieved with most MRI systems. In the future, one could conceivably develop such an imager to replace a huge, expensive MRI system for imaging cancer for example — avoiding the radiation risks with X-rays.

A sensor array with 10,000 sensors would greatly increase the resolution and range, he said. “A 1000 array design at 280-GHz and 10,000 array design at 860-GHz will not be a huge engineering challenge and cost can be in the range for the consumer market.”

This technology could perhaps also be incorporated in a “Tricorder” type medical diagnostic device (see “T-rays technology could help develop Star Trek-style hand-held medical scanners” for another terahertz-scanner design).

Current thermal imager technology (credit: FLIR)

So what is the ultimate upper frequency limit? “Responsivity of a given diode at a fixed operating condition drops by 10X as you increase operating frequency by a factor of 10,” said Dr. O.

For higher frequencies, such as 32 THz (the frequency at which humans, at 98.6 degrees F, radiate, or glow, as seen in thermal imagers), or 17 THz (the frequency at which objects at 68 degrees F, or room temperature radiate), his guess is that future lens-less imaging might be achievable, but at a limited range (less than a few centimeters).

ADDED 4/25/2012: Meanwhile, we’ll all be living in Faraday cages. On the plus side, we’ll be less vulnerable to EMPs.

I”m guessing the first chips will be incorporated by DIY hackers (Arduino One + Gameduino for VGA out or Arduino BT for wireless link for real-time laptop display or recording), with the pin-head-size imager hidden in clothing.

Next, the technology will be miniaturized into augmented-reality glasses with “X-ray vision” mode. That will lead to THz electronic countermeasures (jamming, deception, etc.) and sub-millimeter cloaking for privacy protection.

Law enforcement and TSA will inevitably also adopt this technology, replacing the TSA’s hazardous X-ray machines. Passengers will have to decide whether to dress “virtually naked” (no metallized outer garments), or be forced to remove their metallized outer garments for inspection — hopefully in private. ADDED 4/28/2012:GraphExeter, a new graphene-based material invention just announced, will allow for clothing covered with a transparent radio-frequency protection.

As the imager’s frequency response extends from ~1 Thz up toward 32 THz (human thermal radiation) in the future, it’s going to get even more interesting, since we are all illuminated bodies at night….

Also see: Graphene lenses for electrons

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WARNING FROM RAEL: For those who don't use their intelligence at its
full capacity, the label "selected by RAEL" on some articles does not
mean that I agree with their content or support it. "Selected by RAEL"
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know about what people think or do, even when what they think or do is
completely stupid and against our philosophy. When I selected articles
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Scar Tissue Turned into Heart Muscle Without Using Stem Cells

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Giant Black Hole Shreds and Swallows Helpless Star

[rael-science] Search for Pore-fection

Search for Pore-fection

Sequencing gold rush

Not just an idea

A better pore

A company is born

[rael-science] The Sound of Color

The Sound of Color
A completely colorblind musician and painter perceives the world in a new way with help from technology.

[rael-science] Cellphones that can see through walls and detect cancer

Cellphones that can see through walls and detect cancer

April 23, 2012 by Amara D. Angelica

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The Top 10 LGBT Honeymoon Destinations

Hear Less, Feel Less: One Mutation Causes Loss of Two Senses

Scar Tissue Turned into Heart Muscle Without Using Stem Cells

Giant Black Hole Shreds and Swallows Helpless Star

Search for Pore-fection

Sequencing gold rush

Not just an idea

A better pore

A company is born

The Sound of Color A completely colorblind musician and painter perceives the world in a new way with help from technology.

Cellphones that can see through walls and detect cancer

April 23, 2012 by Amara D. Angelica

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เรื่องราวของเอโลฮิมที่มายังโลกมนุษย์

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The Sound of Color
A completely colorblind musician and painter perceives the world in a new way with help from technology.